'Y 


Should  the  American  Board  Under- 
take Mission  Work  in  South 
America  ? 


RIvI’ORT  OR 


DWIGHT  GODDARD 

r)Llc”ale  of  the  American  Roard  to  tlic  Congress  on  Cliristian 
W ork  at  Panama,  and  member  of  the  Regional  Conferences 
held  at  Lima,  Santiago,  llncnos  Aires  and  Rio  de  Janeiro. 


f 


jUNI',  \i)\C) 

W.V  AKI'.OR,  lOlIIC.AN 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 
in  2017  with  funding  from 
Columbia  University  Libraries 


https://archive.org/details/shouldamericanboOOgodd 


INTRODUCTION 


From  February  10-20,  1916,  there  was  held  in  Panama  a Con- 
gress on  Christian  Work  in  Latin  America.  There  w'ere  present 
over  400  delegates  representing  nearly,  if  not  quite,  all  Missionary 
Hoards  of  England  and  America  at  work  in  that  region,  together 
with  delegates,  pastors,  missionaries  and  visitors  from  all  the  dif- 
ferent countries  of  Central  and  South  America. 

The  purpose  of  this  great  gathering  was  to  consider  the  re- 
ligious needs  of  Latin  America  and  the  Christian  work  that  was 
being  done  to  meet  them.  Reports  were  i)resented  and  discussed 
on  Survey  and  (Occupation,  iNIessags  and  Method,  Education,  Lit- 
erature, Woman’s  Work,  Cooperation,  Church  in  the  Field  and 
Home  Base,  with  the  object  in  view  of  ( 1 ) securing  full  informa- 
tion as  to  the  field,  its  extent  and  character  and  as  to  whether  the 
present  occupation  was  adequate,  efficient  and  harmonious;  (2) 
to  bring  about  a more  sympathetic  acquaintanceship  and  fellow- 
ship between  all  parties  interested,  both  national  and  foreign  : ( 3 ) 
to  unite  and  to  inspire  this  fellowship  to  higher  Christian  faith 
and  greater  zeal  for  the  wider  and  deeper  evangelism  of  L^itin 
America. 

This  great  Congress  at  Panama  was  followed  by  Regional  Con- 
ferences in  .six  or  seven  great  centers  of  Central  and  South 
America  and  the  W est  Indies. 

The  Congregational  Church  of  the  United  States  showed  its 
interest  in  the  Congress  by  sending  as  delegates  the  following 
representative  men : 

Pres.  Henry  C.  King  of  ( Iherlin  College,  and  the  American 
Missionary  Association. 

Prof.  Harlan  P.  beach  of  Yale  College,  and  A.B.,  C.  F.  M. 

Sec.  Charles  J.  Ryder  of  the  American  Missionary  Association. 

Sec.  Frank  K.  Sanders  of  the  Congregational  Educational 
Board. 

Sec.  Harry  Wb  Hicks  of  the  Young  People’s  Missionary  Alove- 
ment. 

Dr.  John  Howland.  ^Mexican  Alission,  A.  B.,  C.  F.  AT 

Sec.’Ceo.  1.  Babcock,  Int.  Y.  At.  C.  A. 

Air.  Wb  E.  Sweet,  Layman  representing  A.  B.,  C.  F.  AI. 

Air.  Dwight  Goddard,  Layman,  representing  A.  B.,  C.  F.  AI. 

Rev.  W'illiam  Flammer,  Pastor  Union  Church,  Panama, 


— 4 — 


As  the  American  Hoard  has  no  work  south  of  iMexico  it  was 
decided  not  to  appoint  a member  of  the  delegation  to  attend  tlie 
Ivegional  Conferences  to  be  held  in  four  of  the  South  American 
Capitols  following  the  main  Congress  at  I’anama,  but  with  the 
advice  and  consent  of  the  other  delegates,  Mr.  Goddard  accepted 
an  invitation  of  the  delegation  to  go  with  them,  as  a visitor.  It 
is  proper  to  add  at  this  point,  that  later  on  INlr.  Goddard  was  cor- 
dially asked  to  b.ecome  a full  member  of  the  Delegation,  and 
although  he  did  not  think  he  had  a right  to  accept,  he  was,  never- 
theless, always  treated  as  such,  given  full  liberty  of  debate  and 
vote,  and  assigned  to  duties  as  others,  it  is  with  great  pleasure 
that  he  here  exju'esses  gratitude  and  appreciation  for  all  the  kind- 
ness shown  him  by  Chairman  Halsey  and  the  other  members  of 
the  Deputation,  and  the  local  officers  of  the  various  Conferences. 

Llefore  leaving  Panama,  Mr.  Goddard  had  frequent  conversa- 
tions with  different  members  of  the  Congregational  delegates  and 
all  alike  voiced  a regret  that  our  denomination  was  not  bearing 
its  share  of  the  burden  and  obligation  of  evangelizing  Latin 
America.  We  discussed  the  needs  of  the  different  parts  of  South 
America  that  had  Ijeen  brought  to  the  attention  of  the  Congress 
and  .Mr.  Goddard  rvas  repeatedly  urged  to  gain  all  the  informa- 
tion he  could  while  with  the  Deputation,  that  might  be  of  assist- 
ance to  the  .Vmericau  Board  in  considering  the  question  of  under- 
taking mission  wodc  in  South  America,  if  the  occasion  for  doing 
so  should  arise. 

Imt  before  the  Congress  adjourned  the  Committee  on  Co- 
operation instructed  its. chairman  to  write  the  following  letter: 

CO^IMITTEE  OX  COOPERATE  )X  IX  LATIX  A^IERICA 

KiU'REsexti xc,  THE  IMissiox.vkv  Ar.Kxcfics  .\t  Work  ix  the 
Wi:sT  Ixmits,  Mexico,  Cextk.m.  .\xi) 

South  Ami:kic.\ 

PAbruary  20,  I(ji6. 

Mr.  Dwight  Goddard, 

1 lotel  Tivoli, 

Ancon,  Canal  Zone. 

1 tear  Mr.  Goddard  : 

d'he  Committee  on  Cooperation  in  Christian  M'ork  in  Latin 
America,  to  which  the  Panama  Congress  has  committed  the  fur- 
ther care  of  the  interests  evhich  brought  the  Congress  together, 
having  learned  that  you  are  accompane-iug  the  deputation  around 
South  America  as  a representative  of  the  American  Board,  in- 


0 

striicted  me  at  the  meeting  of  the  Committee  last  evening  to  re- 
quest you  to  consider  the  possibility  of  the  American  Board’s 
undertaking  some  work  in  South  America,  in  recognition  of  its 
share  of  the  responsibility  for  the  evangelization  of  this  great 
continent. 

We  trust  that  after  inquiry  and  study  and  observation  during 
this  visit  you  will  consult  with  our  sub-committee  on  Survey  and 
Occupation,  of  which  ]\Ir.  E.  T.  Colton,  124  East  28th  Street, 
Xew  York  City,  is  chairman,  and  will  then  feel  able  to  recommend 
to  your  Board  some  definite  field  that  is  free  for  their  occupancy. 
Mr.  Colton  will  be  able  to  inform  you  of  the  plans  of  any  other 
agencies  which  are  looking  forward  to  taking  up  work  in  South 
America,  and  from  our  knowledge  of  the  large-mindedness  and 
Christian  spirit  which  characterize  the  policy  of  the  American 
Board  we  know  that  it  will  wish  to  project  any  new  work  which 
it  may  be  able  to  undertake  in  a way  that  will  secure  the  largest 
and  most  efficient  occupation  of  the  whole  field. 

Our  Committee  would  rejoice  if  the  American  Board,  as  one 
of  the  strongest  and  most  efficient  of  all  the  missionary  agencies, 
would,  as  a result  of  your  investigations  and  recommendation,  join 
the  agencies  already  in  the  field  of  South  America. 

\’^ery  faithfully  yours, 

Robert  E.  Speer. 

In  accordance  with  these  facts  iMr.  Goddard  took  part  in  the 
Regional  Conferences  held  in  Lima,  Peru;  Santiago,  Chile; 
Buenos  Aires.  Argentina;  and  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Brazil;  and  sub- 
mits the  following  report  and  recommendation. 


IX  GENERAL 


The  following  general  facts  deserve  especial  attention  by  any 
organization  or  individual  considering  South  America  as  a Mis- 
sion field.' 

1.  The  People.  The  people  of  South  America  are  far  less 
homogeneous  than  those  of  X'orth  America.  Racially  we  think 
of  them  as  largely  Spanish  and  Latin,  but  this  is  not  true.  The 
great  racial  blood  is  Indian.  It  is  true  that  during  the  past  400 
years  some  Spanish,  Portuguese  and  other  latin  blood  has  been 
introduced,  but  the  base  has  always  been  Indian,  and  in  the  cen- 
turies that  have  passed  since  the  Spanish  first  entered,  constant 
additions  of  fresh  Indian  blood  have  kept  the  race  essentially  In- 
dian, except  in  the  small  groups  of  ruling  families  who  have  kept 
their  blood  purer  and  arrogated  to  themselves  the  wealth  and 
political  power  of  the  state. 

In  the  different  states  there  are  different  racial  types  which  can 
be  explained  by  the  character  of  the  particidar  Indian  base,  as 
for  instance,  Quechua  in  Peru,  Aymara  in  Bolivia,  Araucanian  in 
Chile,  etc.  In  Brazil  the  very  large  intermixture  of  African  negro 
blood  has  still  further  conditioned  the  racial  characteristics.  In 
addition  to  these  very  divergent  types  of  Indian  blood,  the  Latin 
intermixture  has  itself  been  very  divergent — Basque  or  Andalusian 
Spanish,  Portuguese,  Italian,  English,  Irish,  German  and  Jewish, 
and  of  late  Chinese,  Japanese,  Hindoo  and  Syrian — and  from  all 
other  nations  under  the  sun. 

Then  again  social  conditions,  educational  systems  and  political 
changes  have  all  conspired  not  to  unify,  but  to  cause  divergence 
of  classes.  IMissionary  work  must  therefore  be  equally  varied 
if  it  is  to  successfully  appeal  to  pure  Indian,  mixed  Indian-Span- 
iards,  XegroPortuguese,  immigrant  circles,  or  the  highly  cultured 
class  of  the  rich  cities. 

But  wherever  missionaries  go,  if  they  go  in  the  spirit  of  Jesus, 
they  find  a reasonable  welcome  and  response  and  the  religious 
instinct  present  and  active. 

2.  The  Latin  Spirit.  While  the  small  intermixture  of  Latin 
blood  into  the  great  Indian  base  has  been  largely  swallowed  up 
and  assimulated.  the  Spanish  and  other  Latin  traditions  have  not 
disappeared,  but  have  for  the  past  four  hundred  years,  and  are 
today,  transforming  and  conditioning  racial  characteristics.  The 
most  important  of  the  Latin  traditions  are  Roman  Law,  Catholi- 


— 8- 


cism  and  French  Ideals.  'I'hese  have  given  a uniform  cast  to  all 
South  American  character  and  thought. 

'I'his  Latin  spirit  is  characterized  by  strong  emotionalism  that 
is  sensitive  to  harmony  of  outward  form  and  beauty  : that  loves 
pure  ideas  and  generalization;  that  is  easily  moved  by  inflated 
eloquence  : that  makes  the  South  American  sociable,  enthusiastic 
and  attractive.  This  must  be  taken  into  account  for  it  stands  out 
in  sharp  contrast  to  our  equally  marked  North  American  spirit — 
that  loves  inner  honor  and  integrity,  practical  logic,  utility,  in- 
dustry, thrift  and  reserve;  and,  we  must  confess,  tolerance  of  the 
ugly,  impolite,  and  crass. 

Is  it  any  wonder  that  everywhere  in  South  America  we  meet 
a si)irit  of  r’an-Iherianism — that  longs  for  a unity  of  the  Latin 
race,  Latin  tongue  and  Latin  Religion? — that  shrinks  from  every- 
thing that  is  tainted  lyv  Anglo-Saxon  or  Teutonic  utilitarianism, 
impoliteness,  crass  forcefulness  and  power  leased  on  mere  wealth. 
.\'o  wonder  they  shrink  from  our  sectarian  differences  and  sel- 
flsh  aggressiveness. 

3.  The  Roman  Catholic  Church.  This  has  l)een  the  great  in- 
fluence acting  ujion  South  American  character  and  conditions. 
( )f  undoubted  sincerity  it  has  from  the  first  exaggerated  outward 
conformity.  From  the  first  it  has  l^een  an  instrument  of  political 
domination,  it  multiplied  forms  and  rites  and  enforced  outward 
obedience  thus  disciplining'  the  colonists  and  the  Indians  as  far 
as  it  reached  them,  into  a uniformity  of  belief  and  manners. 

For  four  hundred  years  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  has  had 
absolute  sway  in  South  America  and  they  must  bear  the  praise 
or  blame  for  conditions  as  they  are.  They  never  occupied  the 
vast  interior  of  the  continent,  but  centralized  themselves  in  the 
cities  and  seats  of  -wealth  and  power.  Even  these  centers  they  did 
not  ade(iuatelv  occupy,  for  in  Chile  the  most  Catholic  of  states, 
there  were  oifly  400  parish  priests  available  for  4,500,000  people, 
and  these  were  almo.st  exclusively  in  cities.  In  Argentine,  if  all 
the  Catholic  cha])els  and  churches  were  concentrated  in  Buenos 
Aires  there  would  not  be  as  many  as  there  are  in  Philadelphia. 
Its  power  has  too  largely  Iieen  used  for  self  enrichment  and  com- 
fort ; illiteracy  is  extremeL'  high,  morals  and  moral  standards 
shockingly  low,  and  whole  provinces  ( in  a religious  sense ) left 
entirel}-  uncared  for. 

d'here  is  todav  a general  cleavage  in  the  mind  of  the  more  in- 
telligent peojjle  betw'een  their  aitection  for  Catholicism  as  a re- 
ligion and  their  respect  for  it  as  an  institution.  Everywhere 
we  found  on  the  part  of  men  open  infidelity  and  contempt  for  the 


— 9 — 


priests.  I ut  on  the  part  of  women  very  deep  and  loyal  faith.  There 
is  now  legal  liberty  of  worship  in  every  State  and  in  the  cities 
actual  freedom,  although  in  remote  villages  of  some  states  there  is 
still  more  or  less  trouble,  but  on  the  whole  less  than  in  missionary 
lands. 

In  fact  to  the  deputation  it  seemed  as  though  the  Roman 
Catholic  question  could  be  wisely  ignored,  and  our  missionary 
work  go  steadily  on  winning  its  way  b}'  the  inherent  truth  and 
value  of  its  evangelistic  appeal.  It  must  be  said,  however,  that 
everywhere  we  went  the  Xational  leadership  were  deeply  con- 
cerned by  the  opposition  of  the  Roman  Church  and  they  urged 
at  every  opportunity  that  the  Regional  Conference  take  active 
steps  to  combat  her  power  by  definite  statement  of  Evangelical 
principles  and  public  manifesto. 

4.  In  answer  to  the  qirestion  raised  in  the  E.  S.  as  to  whether 
South  America  is  a proper  field  for  missionary  activities,  we  can 
report  positively  that  it  most  assuredly  is.  anti  for  the  following 
reasons ; 

(a)  A large  proportion  of  the  continent  has  never  been 
touched  by  the  Roman  Catholic  Church.  There  is  virgin  soil  for 
missions  among  millions  of  nnevangelized  Indians. 

(b)  There  is  another  large  proportion  that  is  only  partially 
cared  for.  There  are  millions  of  mixed  Spaniards,  Indians, 
laborers,  farmers,  miners,  herdsmen  in  far  scattered  villages  and 
camps  that  rarely  go  to  church  or  even  see  a priest. 

( c ) Then  there  are  the  educated  men  in  the  cities  who  are 
entirelv  estranged  from  the  church,  .and  practically  atheistic,  or  at 
least  indifferent  and  ignorant  of  the  gospel. 

( d ) I'here  is  practically  no  knowledge  outside  of  mission 
circles  about  the  Gospel  and  salvation — except  through  the  Con- 
fessional and  the  offices  of  priests. 

( e ) There  is  general  ignorance  of  the  llible  as  an  open  book  in 
the  language  of  the  people. 

( f ) There  is  very  great  illiteracy  especially  in  the  country  dis- 
tricts— a condition  that  is  very  largely  the  fault  of  the  Roman 
Catholic  authorities. 

(g)  The  habitual  divorce  of  ethics  and  morality  from  religion 
results  in  extremely  low  moral  standards  that  can  only  be  im- 
proved by  the  preaching  of  a spiritual  Gospel  of  Righteousness. 

( h ) The  great  religious  need  of  all  the  world  is  the  proclama- 
tion of  the  Good  Xews  of  a Spiritual  Realm — and  this  is  especially 
true  of  South  America.  The  open  Bible,  the  knowledge  of  the 
loving  fatherhood  of  God.  the  supremacy  of  the  spiritual  law  of 


love,  the  salvation  and  entrance  into  spiritual  life  that  comes 
through  faith  in  Jesus,  the  divine  ^tlessiah,  have  been  denied  to  the 
people  of  Latin  America  by  the  dominant  church  and  upon  us 
rests  the  responsibility  of  supplying  the  lack. 

SL’R\’EY  AXD  OCCUPATIOX 

As  our  itinerary  did  not  include  the  most  X'^orthern  Republics,  I 
can  only  report  in  a general  way  that  Columbia,  \'enezuela,  and 
the  Guianas  form  a group  by  themselves,  whose  missionary  in- 
teersts  are  more  nearly  allied  with  Central  America  and  the  West 
Indies  than  with  the  great  republics  of  the  south,  and  will  there- 
fore not  be  considered  in  this  particular  report. 

Ecuador  lies  immediately  under  the  equator.  It  is  as  large  as 
Xew  England  and  X"ew  York,  with  a population  of  a million  and 
a half.  The  coast  land  is  low  and  covered  with  tropical  jungle, 
but  the  interior  is  high  and  rolling  plateau  that  is  reasonably 
healthy.  It  is  counted  as  the  most  backward  and  conservative  of 
the  republics.  One  of  the  reasons  for  this  is  the  location  of  its 
chief  port  of  entry,  Guyaquile.  It  is  35  miles  up  from  the  sea 
on  a narrow  river  surrounded  by  pestilential  swamps  and  jungles, 
and  as  they  take  no  steps  to  clean  the  city,  it  is,  and  always  has 
been,  a pest  hole  of  yellow  fever  and  other  diseases.  There  are  no 
regular  missionary  societies  at  work  in  all  the  state  and  only  five 
or  six  independent  missionaries  up  in  the  interior.  We  were  not 
permitted  to  land,  but  IMr.  W.  E.  Reed,  the  only  missionary  in 
Gu\  a(]uile,  came  to  the  steamer  and  gave  us  a long  statement  of 
his  fifteen  years'  experience.  He  now  gives  half  his  time,  as  a 
teacher  in  the  Government  College  and  finds  no  hindrance  to  doing 
missionar'.'  work  the  balance  of  his  time,  but  as  he  has  no  finan- 
cial resources  beyond  his  support  he  finds  progress  slow  and  dis- 
heartening. Here  is  an  exceptionally  able  man,  of  fine  presence 
and  physique,  immune  to  yellow  fever,  of  strikingly  humble  spirit 
and  sane  mind,  struggling  on  alone,  praying  and  waiting  for  help. 

In  all  of  South  America  there  is  no  more  needy  area  or  jjeople 
from  a missionary  point  of  view  than  Ecuador,  and  right  here  is 
a modern  saint  patiently  working  and  waiting  for  our  help.  If 
the  American  Hoard  should  decide  to  undertake  work  in  Ecuador, 
they  could  adopt  i\lr.  Reed  and  be  honored  by  his  reputation,  and 
his  abilitv,  and  begin  work  at  once,  with  no  delay  finding  a volun- 
teer for  this  most  unhealthy  region  and  then  waiting  for  him  to 
learn  the  language  and  possibly  die  of  fever  before  he  became 
readv  for  work. 


— II  — ■ 


Conditions  in  Ecuador  indicate,  however,  that  the  real  evangel- 
istic work  must  be  done  by  national  agents.  The  physical  and 
hygienic  conditions  are  such,  that  X.  A.  missionaries  can  only  be 
used  in  limited  numbers  and  for  preliminary  supervision. 

Peru.  This  most  interesting  Republic  is  the  fourth  in  size,  and 
has  an  estimated  population  of  about  5,000,000.  Of  these  about 
600,000  are  counted  white,  1,400,000  mixed,  2,000,000  Indian  and 
1,000,000  wild  Indians.  The  wdiite  and  mixed  are  in  Lima  and 
other  cities  and  the  Indians  are  in  small  villages  and  groups  in 
the  high  mountains,  and  the  wild  Indians  are  in  the  montanas 
of  the  upper  Amazon. 

The  physical  nature  of  the  state  is  bad.  The  narrow  coast  is 
barren  sand  where  never  a drop  of  rain  ever  falls.  The  only 
settlements  are  along  the  banks  of  the  few  rivers  that  come  down 
from  the  snow  Andes.  The  interior  is  made  up  of  valleys  and 
plateaus  lying  between  the  two  ranges  of  the  Cordillaras,  none 
less  than  8,cco  feet  and  some  14,000  feet  above  the  sea  and  reached 
only  by  going  over  passes  15,000  feet  high.  Beyond  these  are  the 
montanas,  or  densely  wooded  tracts  that  border  the  tributaries 
of  the  upper  Amazon,  and  which  are  only  inhabited  by  an  un- 
known number  of  wild  Indians. 

The  capitol  is  Lima,  a city  of  300,000  people,  and  formerly  was 
the  seat  of  Spanish  authority  for  all  of  South  America.  Callao  is 
the  port  of  Lima.  The  other  cities  are  small,  Payta,  Trujillo, 
iNIollendo  on  the  coast ; Araquipa  and  Cusco  in  the  mountains. 
Eveio'thing  centers  in  Lima,  and  all  missionary  work  must  have 
its  headquarters  there. 

At  present  the  missionary  forces  at  work  are  very  limited.  The 
iMethodist  Episcopals,  South  American  Evangelistic  Lnion  and 
Salvation  Army,  and  the}'  represented  by  not  more  than  a dozen 
missionaries  in  all  for  this  great  nation.  X^ot  a single  missionary 
and  only  one  or  two  national  workers  are  located  in  the  entire 
northern  section.  The  larger  part  of  the  foreign  force  are  located 
in  Lima.  This  is  inevitable  because  Lima  is  the  natural  and 
political  center  of  the  whole  national  life.  Even  if  other  mission- 
ary boards  should  undertake  work  in  Peru,  or  in  Bolivia,  or 
Ecuador,  for  that  matter,  their  headquarters  should  be  in  Lima. 
Again  the  physical  conditions  are  such,  so  appallingl}-  hard  and 
discouraging — lonely  desert,  bleak  mountains,  impassable  forests, 
that  even  at  best  foreign  missionaries  can  endure  them  but  a short 
period  at  times. 

Good  sense  would  indicate  that  the  foreign  part  of  missionary 
work  should  be  limited  and  centralized  largely  at  Lima  and  the 


— -12  — • 


Other  cities  and  the  t;reat  numbers  of  Indians  in  the  mountain' 
should  lie  evangelized  by  national  evangelists  and  itinerant  pastors. 
Any  work  among  the  Indians  would  also  involve  the  language 
difficulty,  for  all  school  work  would  have  to  be  in  Spanish,  but 
the  religious  work  must  he  done  in  the  only  tongue  they  know — 
the  native  (Juechua,  which  is  a very  difficult  language  to  learn. 

Full  religious  liberty  in  Peru  has  only  been  granted  for  a year 
and  therefore  mission  work  is  not  well  advanced.  There  are  at 
present  about  600  church  members  in  all  Peru  and  only  six  or 
seven  national  workers.  i\lost  discouraging  of  all  there  is  not  at 
]U‘esent  any  Christian  school  above  the  ujrirer  primary  grade.  The 
very  very  few  national  workers  have  not  been  trained  thus  far  in 
theological  schools  for  there  are  none,  and  that  constitutes  the 
most  pressing  need  of  the  Peruvian  region — namely,  a union  the- 
ological training  school  to  train  the  hundreds  of  national  workers 
that  will  be  recpiired  if  Fcuador,  Peru  and  Ilolivia  are  ever  to  be 
evangelized. 

d'he  coast  and  the  highlands  of  Peru  and  Bolivia  are  a most 
interesting  region.  Here  developed  and  ])assed  away  great  civili- 
zations which  having  no  written  language,  left  only  a trace  be- 
hind : here  reigned  the  Incas  and  they,  too,  have  passed  away,  their 
history  more  a romance  than  known.  Here  the  proud  Spanish 
adventurers  and  noliles  conquered  and  reigned  for  three  hundred 
}-ears  over  a continent  of  opportunity,  only  themselves  to  pass 
awav.  Before  the  rising  power  of  peoples  created  from  their  own 
blood  mingling  with  the  despise. 1 Indians  whom  they  had  treach- 
erouslv  conquered  and  oppressed.  Today  in  those  bleak,  inacces- 
sable  valleys  of  the  Cordilleras  millions  of  the  Indian  descendants 
of  Inca  and  pre  Inca  people,  live  bv  themselves — sullen,  resentful, 
ignorant, — unconsciously  waiting  for  evangels  of  their  own  race 
and  tongue  to  l)ring  the  mystic  message  that  will  illumine  their 
clouded  minds  and  set  them  free. 

Can  we.  whose  souls  are  lighted 
A\'ith  wisdom  from  on  high. 

Can  we,  to  souls  henighted. 

The  lamp  of  life  deny? 

Bolii  ia.  This  Republic  includes  a territory  as  large  as  Peru 
and  is  even  more  inaccessible.  Tin,  copper  and  silver  mines  are 
its  wealth.  There  are  about  2.000,000  inhabitants,  i, 000,000  of 
whom  are  pure  lidians,  700,000  are  mixed  Indian  and  Spanish, 
and  only  about  300,000  are  classified  as  white. 


13  — 


The  largest  city  is  La  Paz,  situated  high  in  the  Andean  plateau. 
That  part  of  Polivian  territory  that  is  not  sterile  mountains,  is 
either  the  swampy  Chaco  region  bordering  Paraguay,  or  the 
montanas  of  the  upper  Amazon.  The  Indians  of  the  mountains 
are  akin  to  the  Peruvian  but  speak  Aymara  and  are  even  less 
easy  of  approach. 

The  missionary  problem  is  identical  with  that  of  Peru  and  must 
be  solved  with  it  from  Lima  as  a base.  There  are  perhaps  fifteen 
missionaries  in  the  Republic,  the  Canadian  Baptists  being  most 
prominent,  but  only  exceptional  ones  are  able  to  endure  the  strain 
of  the  high  altitudes  and  isolation.  Bolivia,  too,  must  be  evan- 
gelized by  national  workers  if  at  all. 

Chile.  This  is  one  of  the  progressive  states  of  South  America 
and  missionary  work  is  well  advanced.  The  state  itself  is  3,000 
miles  long  and  only  about  120  miles  wide  at  its  widest.  It  may 
be  divided  into  three  parts  for  missionary  purposes.  The  northern 
part  is  barren  desert  and  inaccessible  mountains,  valuable  only  for 
its  nitrate  beds  and  mines  of  copper  and  silver.  This  condition 
follows  down  the  Andean  plateau  to  the  southern  part  which  is 
wind  and  rain  swept  and  useful  only  for  sheep  jiasturage.  It  is  in 
the  central  part  of  these  mountains  that  all  that  remains,  about 
100,000,  of  the  famous  uncouquered  Araucanian  Indians  are 
found.  It  is  their  blood  that  has  given  to  the  Chilean  race  their 
greater  spirit  and  energy.  In  the  southern  part  are  only  roaming' 
tribes  of  Patagonian  Indians.  The  Anglicans  are  carrying  on 
work  among  all  these  Indians. 

The  central  part  is  a rich  agricultural  valley  about  1,500  miles 
long  and  thirty  or  forty  miles  wide,  lying  between  the  coast 
range  and  the  high  Andes.  The  two  large  cities  are  \’alparaiso 
on  the  coast  and  Santiago,  the  capital,  in  this  valley.  The  latter 
is  a splendid  city  of  great  wealth  and  vigor.  The  central  valley 
is  comparative!}'  thickly  settled  by  the  typical  Indian-Spanish  race, 
with  a good  sprinkling  of  Euroi^ean  emigrants — German,  English, 
etc.  The  missionary  needs  of  Chile  are  fairly  well  provided  for. 
The  iMethodists,  Presbyterians  and  Anglicans  are  active  and  suc- 
cessful. The  iMethodists  and  Presbyterians  have  just  organized 
a union  theological  seminary,  the  first  in  South  America.  The 
Government  School  system  is  excellent,  especially  in  the  cities. 
There  does  not  appear  to  be  any  call  for  other  missionary  societies 
to  enter  Chile,  unless  to  aid  in  the  support  and  instruction  of  the 
theological  school.  Here  additional  help  would  be  very  useful  and 
highly  appreciated. 


— 14  — 


Argcniinc.  This  great  nation  is  full  of  promise  and  hope. 
Here  more  than  anywhere  else  in  South  America,  European,  and 
especially  Italian  influency,  have  combined  to  reduce  the  Spanish- 
Indian  characteristics. 

Ilecause  of  the  wonderful  pampas,  furnishing  the  richest  pas- 
turage for  millions  of  cattle,  sheep  and  horses,  the  prevailing  in- 
terests are  agricultural.  The  population  of  8.000,000  is  largely 
in  the  few  cities — Buenos  Aires,  with  its  1,500,000,  being  the  me- 
tro})olis  of  South  America.  Other  cities  are  IMendoza  and  Cor- 
dova near  the  mountains  ; Rosaria  and  La  Plata,  on  the  river. 
'I'he  rest  of  the  population  is  sparsely  scattered  over  the  wide 
stretches  of  the  cattle  country.  European  immigrants  were  crowd- 
ing in  before  the  war  at  the  rate  of  300,000  per  year.  Religious 
conditions  in  Argentine  are  not  good.  The  nation  has  grown  so 
fast  that  the  Catholic  Church  has  never  been  able  to  keep  pace. 
In  the  cattle  country  there  are  almost  no  churches,  and  even  in 
Buenos  Aires.  Dr.  Speer  records  the  fact  that  when  he  wrote 
his  book  he  could  only  find  40  Catholic  Churches  and  10  Protestant 
Churches  for  a population  of  a million  and  a half.  Buenos  Aires 
is  a great,  rich,  modern  city  with  all  its  problems  of  vice,  worldli- 
ness and  religious  indift'erence.  The  Boca  slums  are  as  bad  as  any 
in  the  world. 

A score  of  missionary  societies  are  working  here  and  scores 
of  independent  missionaries  of  all  shades  and  colors.  But  candor 
compehs  one  to  record  that  they  are  not  working  together  in  a co- 
operative spirit,  and  few  indeed  are  the  missionaries  away  in  the 
vast  interior. 

Here  as  everywhere  else,  the  great  religious  need  of  Argentine 
is  for  the  wider  ])reachiug  of  the  simple  gospel  of  God's  forgiving 
grace  through  faith  in  Jesus,  the  Alessiah.  But  how  can  this  be 
done  without  preachers?  Our  Conference  found  that  there  were 
no  more  national  evangelical  preachers  than  there  were  mission- 
aries. This  was  in  no  sense  due  to  a lack  of  raw  material,  but 
evidently  because  the  earlier  missionaries  had  believed  that  they 
were  the  only  ones  who  could  be  trusted  ‘‘to  rightly  divide  the 
word  of  truth.”  The  denominational  divisions  appeared  to  be 
more  stressed  here  than  elsewhere,  and  getting  together  for  union 
conference  and  efiforts  appeared  to  be  very  difficult.  There  were 
noble  examples  of  national  leadership  at  the  conference,  but  they 
a];peared  to  be  altogether  too  much  under  the  control  of  the 
veteran  missionaries. 

I low  can  an  adequate  native  ministry  be  raised  up  where  these 
conditions  obtain  and  where  there  is  no  high  grade  theological 


— 15  — 

school?  The  government  system  of  education  is  excellent,  espe- 
cially in  the  cities,  but  the  missionary  training  of  its  leaders  is 
poor.  Just  think  of  the  great  Alethodist  work  in  Argentine  being 
dependent  for  its  preachers  on  a class  of  nine  taught  only  by  one 
missionary  and  he  the  treasurer  of  the  mission  and  superintendent 
of  a district ! 'I'here  are  three  or  four  of  these  denominational 
training  classes,  but  thus  far  no  progress  has  been  made,  and  evi- 
dently no  serious  effort  made,  to  combine  them  into  one  good 
school. 

Argentine  doesn't  call  for  additional  missionary  societies,  but 
she  does  call  for  some  "unifying  principle  " to  bring  the  discordant 
element  of  the  Evangelical  Churches  together  in  cooperative  ac- 
tivities. One  of  the  best  elements  of  the  evangelical  forces  at 
work  in  Argentine  is  the  Italian  W'aldensian  Church.  Among 
these  members  are  scores  of  aide,  devoted  young  men — inheriting 
a thousand  years  of  religious  discipline, — eager  to  go  out  as 
preachers  of  righteousness  if  only  they  could  be  ])roperly  trained 
and  supported.  They  are  part  and  parcel  of  this  Latin  America, 
and  are  essentially  congregational.  Why  can  not  we  Congrega- 
tionalists  of  North  America  hack  them  up  in  establishing  witV 
the  iNlethodists  and  the  Southern  Baptists,  a Union  Seminary  in 
Buenos  Aires  that  would  be  of  inestimalde  use  in  the  evangeliza- 
tion of  this  great  republic? 

Uraguay.  This  smaller  state  has  a most  honorable  history  in 
its  effort  to  retain  its  independence  of  its  immensely  greater 
neighbors,  Argentine  and  Brazil.  Today  Uraguay  stands  at  the 
head  in  financial  responsibility,  educational  advance,  and  indus- 
trial independence.  It  is  a grazing  and  agricultural  state  of  great 
premise.  Its  capitol,  Montevideo,  is  a beautiful,  well  located  city 
of  commercial  importance.  Being  so  near  to  Argentine  its  re- 
ligious needs  and  ecjuijiment  is  largely  bound  up  with  that  of 
Buenos  .Aires  and  must  be  considered  as  a part  of  them  from  a 
missionary  point  of  view. 

Paraguay.  This  inland  state  is  more  largely  Indian  than  per- 
haps anv  other  and  is,  ])erhaps,  because  of  it,  more  backward. 
For  missionary  purposes  it  can  be  divided  into  two  parts.  The 
western  part  is  wholly  swampy  Chaco  country,  inhabited  only  by 
Indians  more  or  less  wild  and  uncivilized.  The}^  are  not  many 
in  number  and  their  missionary  needs  are  being  fairly  well  taken 
care  of  by  the  Anglicans. 

The  eastern  ])art  of  the  country  is  inhabited  by  mixed  Indian 
and  Spanish — which  is  in  fact  mostly  Indian.  It  is  a cattle 
country  and  backward  in  all  that  makes  up  civilization,  but  the 


— rrt  — 

people  need  the  gospel  and  no  one  is  caring  for  them.  There  are 
two  or  three  independent  missionaries : a few  outposts  of  the 
Argentinian  missions,  and  two  or  three  posts  of  the  Inland  South 
American  Alission,  but  what  are  these  among  so  many?  If  the 
American  Hoard  desired  a free  field  for  humble  service  here  would 
he  an  open  door. 

Brazil.  This  is  the  great  Repuldic  of  the  South.  In  area  it  is 
larger  than  all  of  Europe,  but  its  population  is  small,  only  about 
20,000,000,  and  they  are  not  so  energetic  as  the  Chileans  or  so 
aggressive  as  the  Argentinians.  The  racial  mixture  of  Indians 
and  Portuguese  is  further  complicated  by  a large  intermixture  of 
.\frican  negro  blood.  (Jf  late  there  has  been  a large  immigration 
especially  of  Ciermans  in  the  South,  and  the  sections  in  the  south 
where  the  proportion  of  European  blood  is  larger,  show'  a decided 
superiority. 

( )f  the  vast  area  of  this  Republic  the  great  Amazon  basin  and 
the  trackless  rubber  forests  of  the  remote  west  are  least  knowm. 
Resides  the  natural  dilficulties  of  the  tropical  jungle  the  wild  In- 
dians are  very  hostile  to  all  settlements.  Europeans  find  it  almost 
impossible  to  dwell  continuously  in  this  central  bason.  Bible 
colporteurs  have  visited  it  rarely,  but  there  is  absolutely  no  regular 
missionary  work  being  done  for  the  unknown  numbers  of 
Amazon  Indians. 

d'hen  the  coast  country  from  Guiana  south  to  Bara  and  down 
to  Pernambuco  is  also  ver_\'  unhealthy  and  the  rain  fall  is  uncertain 
so  that  there  has  never  been  any  continuous  missionary  work 
done,  d'here  are  a few'  inde})endent  missionaries  here  and  a few' 
small  stations,  Init  practically  no  stable  w'ork  is  in  existence.  In 
these  tw'O  great  areas  the  American  Board  would  loe  welcome,  and 
would  crow'd  no  one,  but  they  would  undertake  the  work  with 
little  to  give  ground  for  encouragement.  These  great  areas  if 
evangelized  at  all,  must  be  reached  and  cared  for  by  itinerant  and 
circuit  pastors  and  evangelists  native  to  the  climatic  conditions 
and  more  or  less  immune  to  the  ever  present  tlangers  to  health. 

Bnt  the  rest  of  Brazil  is  full  of  promise.  From  Pernambuco 
south  along  the  coast  there  are  large  settlements  and  cities  of 
prosperous,  progressive  people.  liere  are  the  great  and  beautiful 
cities  of  Bahia,  Rio  de  Janeiro,  San  Paulo,  Santos,  and  Porto 
Alegra.  'Phen  back  from  the  coast  is  a vast  area  of  healthy, 
rolling,  hillv  country,  ami  rich  open  valleys  clear  to  Paraguay  and 
Bolivia.  The  coast  country  is  w'ell  settled  and  fairly  w'ell  evan- 
gelized l)v  numerous  w'cll  organized  societies,  but  the  interior  of 


....  17  — 


the  country  being  less  settled,  towns  smaller  and  peojjle  more 
scattered,  is  almost  devoid  of  religious  and  educational  privileges. 

This  country  is  much  like  our  own  country  was  at  the  beginning 
of  the  19th  Century.  ( )ur  colonies  had  l:,een  settled  on  the  coast 
east  of  the  Allegheny  Mountains.  After  the  Revolution  emigra- 
tion began  tO'  push  westward  over  the  mountains  into  the  fertile 
lands  of  Ohio,  Indiana,  Illinois,  Tennessee  and  Kentucky,  while 
beyond  were  the  almost  unknown  lands  of  Texas,  Oklahoma, 
Arkansas,  iMissouri,  Iowa,  Kansas,  and  Colorado. 

Today  in  Brazil  multitudes  of  desirable  imigrants  are  pushing 
over  the  coast  range  and  the  rich  coffee  lands  of  I'eruamlnico. 
Bahia,  iMinas  Geraes,  Sao  Paulo,  Parana,  Santa  Catarina,  and 
Rio  Grand  de  Soil,  into  the  richer  provinces  of  Goyaz,  and  Matto 
Grosso  that  are  as  large  as  empires  in  themselves.  Here  in  the 
valleys  can  be  grown  all  serials,  vegetaliles  and  fruits,  and  the 
uplands  are  grass  covered  pasturage  for  myriads  of  cattle.  The 
mountains  are  rich  in  minerals,  diamonds,  gold,  coal  and  iron  in 
abundance. 

This  is  almost  a home  mission  proposition,  because  a ])roportion 
of  the  immigrants  are  European  and  Protestant.  But  they  are 
sheep  without  a shepherd.  The  villages  are  as  yet  small  and  scat- 
tered but  destined  to  be  large  and  prosperous. 

The  national  evangelical  church  numl)ers  about  50.000  and 
mere  than  in  any  other  South  American  country,  is  self  supporting 
and  self  propagating.  There  is  in  independent  Presbyterian 
Church,  and,  what  is  of  great  interest  to-  us  Congegationalists,  an 
independent  Congregational  Church  of  about  1,500  members.  I 
preached  in  two  of  their  churches  and  met  many  of  their  preach- 
ers. To  show  their  faith  and  devotion  I have  only  to  say  that  the 
pastor  of  the  Rio  de  Janeiro  Church  is  looking  after  nine  other 
preaching  places,  five  of  which  might  l)e  churches  if  they  had 
preachers  and  hnancial  aid.  Regular  services  are  conducted  at 
these  nine  places  by  this  pastor  and  a group  of  his  lay  members. 
The  pastor  is  also  head  of  a theological  class  of  five  members. 
The  second  church  where  I preached  is  across  the  bay  at  Xicteroi. 
The  pastor  here  has  about  the  same  number  of  preaching  ]daces, 
two  of  which  are  ready  to  be  churches.  He  also  teaches  the  theo- 
logical students,  edits  their  paper,  is  president  of  the  denomina- 
tional organization  ami  is  responsible  for  tbeir  very  considerable 
home  missionary  extension  work. 

There  is  no  union  work  in  all  Brazil,  lint  there  is  less  friction 
between  the  denominations.  There  are  six  theological  schools. 
The  Presbyterians,  north  and  south,  have  a good  one  at  Camipinas. 


The  Indei)endent  Presbyterians  one  at  San  Paolo,  tlie  Southern 
INIethodists  at  Juiz  de  Flores,  the  Southern  1 baptists  at  Rio  de 
Janeiro,  the  Congregationalists  at  Rio  de  Janeiro,  the  Episco- 
palians at  Puerto  Alegro.  And  beside  these,  both  Presbyterians 
and  Raptists  have  theological  classes  at  Pernambuco. 

d'he  need  of  a high  grade  union  theological  seminary  is  felt  to 
be  imperative.  The  Presbyterians  and  Southern  [Methodists  have 
agreed  to  unite,  but  there  appears  to  be  some  hitch,  because 
nothing  is  now  being  done  to  effect  the  union. 

'I'he  need  of  missionary  aid  in  Brazil  is  very  great  but  the  form 
in  which  it  could  be  used  is  not  clear.  There  are  certainly  enough 
societies  at  work  but  if  the  field  is  to  be  adequately  covered  there 
must  be  many  more  missionaries  and  vastly  greater  financial  re- 
sources. Here,  as  in  Argentine,  the  government  school  system  is 
excellent  and  missionary  schools  are  needed  only  to  reinforce  the 
training  of  preachers  and  evangelists.  (Jf  these  latter  hundreds 
will  be  needed  to  evangelize  the  interior  of  the  north  coast  and 
the  enormous  Amazon  valley. 

I lere  then  is  where  the  North  American  Congregationalists 
mav  be  of  great  assistance,  by  cooperating  with  the  Brazil  Inde- 
pendent Congregationalists  for  the  realization  of  a Lhiion  Theo- 
logical Seminary  ; and  then  by  sending  out  national  home  mission- 
aries into  the  rich  hinterland  of  Goyaz  and  Alatto  Grosso  and 
the  provinces  north  of  Pernambuco ; and  to  send  out  national 
massionaries  into  the  great  Amazon  valley  to  the  ruljber  forests 
of  the  mountains  under  the  shadow  of  the  far  away  Codilleras. 


SlAniARY 

I.  If  tlie  American  Board  cared  to  consitler  entering  South 
America  in  the  conventional  missionary  way,  they  would  find 
ample  field  and  a hearty  welcome  in  the  following  unoccupied 
fields : 

(a)  Ecuador,  (b)  In  northern  Peru  with  Trujillo  (or  Lima) 
as  a base,  (c)  In  Central  Peru,  or  Bolivia,  with  Cusco,  or  La 
Paz,  (or  Lima),  as  a base,  (d)  In  Paraguay,  (e)  In  Brazil 
in  the  Amazon  valley,  with  IMenaos  or  Para  as  a base,  (f)  In 
Brazil  in  the  northern  coast  provinces,  with  Portalezar,  Ceara,  as 
a base. 

II.  If  the  .\merican  Board  cared  to  consider  helping,  or  co- 
operating with  existing  missionary  agencies  there  is  field  and 
welcome  for  them  in  the  following  places; 


— 19  — 


( a ) In  Pern  and  Bolivia  in  connection  with  the  South  Ameri- 
can Evangelical  Union. 

(b)  In  Argentine  and  I'rngnay  in  connection  with  the  Whal- 
densian  Church. 

(c)  In  Brazil  in  connection  with  the  Independent  Congrega- 
tional Church. 

III.  If  the  American  Board  could  see  its  way  to  forget  for 
the  time  conventional  methods  of  missionary  i)ro])agan(W  and 
confine  itself  to  one  line  of  work,  there  is  a great  opportunity  for 
usefulness  and  a royal  welcome  awaiting  it,  if  it  would  cooperate 
with  the  existing  missionary  agencies  already  on  the  field,  for  the 
creation,  development,  and  administration  of  Lhiion  'I'heological 
Schools  at  Lima,  Santiago,  jluenos  Aires  and  Rio  de  Janeiro. 

After  giving  four  continuous  months  to  the  consideration  of 
this  subject  it  is  my  judgment  that  the  third  method  would  lie  the 
most  wise,  effective  and  welcome.  The  first  method  is  almost 
hopeless  because  of  the  physical  and  hygienic  conditions.  The 
second  method  is  jiossihle,  but  destined,  I am  afraid,  sooner  or 
later  to  develop  friction,  and  it  is  not  of  a character  to  afipeal  for 
sujiport  strongly  to  our  constituency. 

The  third  jdan  ajipears  to  me  to  be  by  all  considerations  the 
wisest  and  liest.  Some  of  the  reasons  for  this  belief  are  as  follows  : 

(a)  It  was  the  unanimous  vote  of  each  Regional  Conference 
that  a local  Union  'I'lieological  School  was  the  great  and  the  im- 
mediate need. 

( b ) 'I'he  shortage  of  well  trained  national  leaders  and  Chris- 
tion  workers  was  everywhere  in  evidence  at  these  Regional  Con- 
ferences. 

(c)  Because  of  the  very  nature  of  the  physical,  social  and 
hygienic  conditions  of  the  religiously  needy  sections  of  South 
.\merica,  an  increasing  number  of  trained  national  workers  will 
be  re(|uired  if  their  evangelization  is  to  be  efifected,  and  thev  can 
be  supplied  only  by  these  Union  'I'heological  Schools, 

(d)  Because  of  the  intense  nationalistic  spirit  evervwhere  in 
evidence,  it  is  desirable  to  arrange  for  the  jiublic  propaganda  bv 
nationals  themselves  as  far  as  possible. 

(e)  Because  of  the  prevailing  Latin  siiirit  it  is  desiralde  not 
to  obtrude  over  irritating  ways  and  point  of  view  any  more  than 
is  necessary. 

( f ) Because  of  the  unfortunate  over  emphasis  on  denomina- 
tional differences  in  the  |iast,  it  is  not  desirable  to  introduce  an- 
other denomtion  into  the  division  of  the, field. 


— 20  — 


(S')  I'lic  offer  of  cooperation  by  the  Congregationalists  in  the 
creation  and  administration  of  Union  Theological  Schools  would 
not  result  in  a further  division  of  the  field,  hut  would  result  in 
better  schools,  interdenominational  relations  and  increased  number 
of  national  workers. 

(h)  The  willingness  of  the  Congregationalists  to  cooperate  in 
the  'rheological  Schools  with  no  expectation  of  founding  churches 
themselves,  hut  a friendly  interest  in  the  success  of  other  denom- 
inations would  set  an  example  of  disinterested  loyalty  to  our 
Evangelical  Faith  that  would  react  on  all  other  denominations, 
and  es])ecially  have  a good  effect  on  the  national  workers  as  thev 
go  out,  and  would  hasten  the  realization  of  the  hoj^e  of  all — one 
national  evangelical  church. 

( i ) Such  an  unselfish  course  on  the  part  of  the  Congregation- 
ali^t  would  he  carrying  into  immediate  effect  the  spirit  and  pur- 
pose of  the  Panama  Congress  and  its  cooperating-  committee. 

( j ) 'I'he  immediate  carrying  into  effect  of  such  a program 
would  lie  simple  and  not  expensive,  and  in  no  sense  would  it  neces- 
sarily involve  the  Congregationalists  in  any  future  e.xpcnse  of  un- 
known amounts. 

PR(  )P(  )S.VF 

In  order  to  carry  forward  this  recommendation  toward  a re- 
alization, 1 propose  to  send  a copy  of  this  report  and  recommenda- 
tion .to  the  Congregatiunalist  members  of  the  Panama  Congress 
for  their  consideration  and  comment.  If  there  is  a substantial 
nnanimity  of  judgment  1 wonld  suggest  th.at  in  our  united  names 
we  offer  to  the  next  annual  meeting  of  the  American  Hoard  the 
f(.dlo\ving  rcsolntion  and  ask  for  suitable  time  for  its  public 
consideration  : 

“ Resolved,  That  the  Prudential  Committee 
be  authorized  to  cooperate  with  any  other 
missionary  board  or  boards  for  the  creation, 
support  and  administration  of  Union  Theolog- 
ical Schools  at  Lima,  Santiago,  Buenos  Aires, 
and  Rio  de  Janeiro;  and  to  appoint  one  or 
more  ordained  missionaries  to  such  institu- 
tions as  they  may  be  formed  and  as  suitable 
men  can  be  found.” 

Resiiectfullv  submitted, 

1 IwmilT  CoDDARD, 

1".  .\nn  Arhar,  Alichigan. 


